9/14/10
Disciplines of the Social Sciences
1. History- events of the past
2. Political Science- specifically studies the government and governing
3. Economics- has to do with money or resources= who gets them and scarcity (not enough goods for everyone)
a. Economics forms the disciplines of a society
4. Geography- having to do with the earth, landforms, oceans, ect.= anything having to do with the physical nature of the world
5. Sociology- the study of group behavior
6. Anthropology- the study of cultures from the past
a. Archeologist- specialized archeologist that digs to find fossils, bones, remnants of societies that existed= finding evidence
9/15/10
Geography- Where did the wooly mammoth live and what kind of habitat?
Sociology- What was the behavior of the wooly mammoth? Did the wooly mammoth travel in packs or alone?
Early settlers came by foot across Bering Straight down Pacific Coast
Wooly mammoth- 2,00 pounds
· Used for food, clothing and tools
Nomads wander from place to place looking for food.
Nomadic People
End of Ice Age- temperature warmed and the glaciers melted
Switched to hunting smaller game and gathering
About 5,00 years ago, switched to agriculture- made it possible to stay in one place
· Hunters and gatherers
Maize- corn
9/16/10
Europe around 1492
Monarchs-> nobles-> peasants
· Intermarriage between the monarchs= forms alliances, but can also cause a disease to be prevalent in the families (cousins+cousins)
· Nobles are still considered the upper class
Nuclear families- immediate families, everybody in Europe lived with their
nuclear families
Gender determined your role in society= males dominated
The basic institution- strongest & most dominant religious group= Roman Catholic church
· believed in getting converts
732- the Muslims controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal
· they were driven out in 1492- Reconquista= the Spanish inquisition
1096-1270= a number of crusades took place
· failed military expeditions by the Roman Catholics to the middle east to force the Muslims out of the Holy Land
Crusades
1. sparked an interest in trade (silk, porcelain, tea, spices)
2. weakened nobles- financed the crusades but then lost money because the crusades were unsuccessful
3. strengthened the monarchs (bc when the nobles lose money the monarchs gained)-> sponsor expeditions to the Americas
9/20/10
(Europe)
1340’s
· 20 million people die of the Black Plague/ Black Death/ Bubonic plague
1400’s
· growth of commerce
· population growth
· rise of nations- Spain and Portugal (Iberian), France, England= looking for wealth overseas
· Renaissance Spirit- “rebirth”= new ideas
o Gutenberg (1450’s) invents or uses movable type and printed the bible= made it easier for people to have copies because they were made more quickly, efficiently and were cheaper
§ Marco Polo took the bible to Asia
Cultural Diffusion= culture spreads from one place to another
- the bible
- horses- spain
- jews= bagels
Caravel- new ship
1. lighter
2. swifter
3. more maneuverable- sternpost and rudder
Triangular sails- allowed ship to sail easily against the wind
9/21/10
Portugal- Prince Henry “the Navigator”
1488- Dias rounds southern tip of Africa
1498- Vasco de Gama reaches India
Columbus is going to be sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
· 1492- first voyage, landed on Hispanola (made up of the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and explores Cuba
o his ships were the Santa Marina, the Pinta, the neyah
10/4/10
Christopher Columbus
· Explored Hispanola and Cuba
o Called the natives “Los Indios”, but they called themselves Tainos
· First voyage- 3 ships (nina, pinta, santa marina) sponsored by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
· Second voyage- 17 ships, 1,000 colonists including 5 priests
Columbus was responsible for:
· Discovery of America
· Death of many Native Americans
· Slavery
At first, the native Americans were friendly towards Christopher Columbus, But after more explorers came, they began to resist and were taken by force. Additionally, they would die from diseases brought from Spain that were foreign to them, so their bodies couldn’t protect them.
In Europe, national rivalries are developing
· Treaty of Tordeseillas- treaty between Portugal and Spain
1494- sets up an imaginary line dividing western hemisphere (N & S Amer.)
· Most of the land goes to Spain
· Portugal gets Brazil (Portuguese)
Columbian Exchange- global transfer of living things (and some non-living)
· Things from America to Europe= corn, potatoes, squash, pumpkins, peanuts, ect
· Things from Europe to America= horses, cattle, pigs, ect
· Things from Africa to Europe and North America= black eyed peas, bananas, eggplant, ect
· Things from Europe to Africa= guns, iron tools, wheeled vehicles, ect
10/5/10
Spanish Exploration
3 G’s
1. gold- riches for Spain
2. god- convert Native Americans
3. glory- power
Conquistadors- Spanish explorers looking for gold and silver
· made Spain wealthy
· destroyed Native communities- weapons, disease
Cortes- explored Mexico’s Aztec Empire which was very developed with a lot of gold
Montezuma- emperor of the Aztecs
· Gave Cortes some golf at first because he thought he was a god
Aztecs were forced to mine solver and gold- they rebelled and killed Montezuma and forces the Spanish out
1521- Cortes returns and overpowers the Aztecs
· The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan is changed to Mexico City
Peninsulares- Spanish settlers (mostly new)
Mestizo- mixed Spanish and native Americans (mixed blood)
Encomienda- Natives farmed, ranched or mined for Spanish landlords
1500’s- Spain’s Golden Age
· Native Americas die off and slaves from Africa are used for labor
10/6/10
Genocide- wipe out an entire group
Hate crime- target a person based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, nationality (ethnicity)
1513-
Ponce de Leon
· explored Florida
o founded St. Augustine- oldest European-founded city in the U.S.
Coronado
· Explored Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma
· Priests converted Native Americans and taught them skills
Pope
· a Pueblo religious leader led a rebellion against the Spanish. They burned churches, killed priests and it tool 14 years for the Spanish to regain control of the southwest (America)
Great Britain begins to become a threat to Spain
The Thirteen original colonies= Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia.
10/7/10
British Colonization
Jamestown, Virginia 1607- the first colony ins the U.S.
· Came to discover gold
· Disease and hunger= 38/150 lived
· Pow Hatans- friendly at first, and then became hostile when they felt threatened
o The chiefs daughter, Pocahontas was a famous princess who married John Rolfe
· John Smith- took control of the colony
o 1609- six hundred more colonists arrive
o tobacco saves the colony- called “brown gold”
o tobacco exported to England= made the colony very rich
§ John Rolfe discovers a way to ship tobacco without spoilage
o 1619- slaves are brought from Africa to help work on the tobacco plantations
labor
indentured servant- too poor to pay passage to the New World
· exchange their labor (5-7 years) for passage on a ship
o from England- would be thrown in jail if you were in debt, and you couldn’t get out unless you paid.
· Taught a trade and given the tools of their trade-> middle class
o They leave their indenture form the person they came with (for whom they worked for) with their learned skill
Head Right System- 50 acres given to new arrivals plus 50 more to each family member
English did not intermarry the Spanish
Fighting broke out between the Native Americans and the frontier colonists- the wealthy colonists refuse to give help
· This leads to Bacons Rebellion
10/8/10
Bacons Rebellion
· Bacon marches on Jamestown which leads to violence. Jamestown is burned by Bacon and his followers. One month later Bacon dies and the rebellion ends.
· Bacon was the leader of a group of men who wanted to fight the Native Americans on the frontier. He asked a bunch of wealthy colonists to help him but they turned him down because there was no reason. so instead of fighting the native Americans, he went to fight the wealthy colonists (in Jamestown).
o When the Native Americans realized the colonists would want to use them, the Native Americans started to turn against the colonists.
o The rebellion ended because Bacons followers no longer had a strong leader, so they dispersed.
10/12/10
The Puritans (Pilgrims):
- They wanted to eliminate all traces of Catholicism from the church of England which was Protestant.
- They left England for Holland and then left Holland for America.
1620---> Second permanent English settlement.
Settled on Cape Cod and Boston.
John Winthrop---> Leader.
Before leaving The Mayflower, they signed an agreement called “The Mayflower Compact”
- Pledged loyalty to King.
Created laws for colony.
Important landmark in the development of democracy.
Goal - To create a moral society, considered themselves “G-d’s Elect”
Puritan work ethics - opposed drinking, swearing, dancing idleness.
-Came to America as families.
10/14/10
Dissenters- a member of a nonestablished church
Roger Williams - Should be freedom of worship for all Native Americans should be paid for their land fled south to the est. Providence, Rhode Island colony had separation of church and state and religious freedom.
Touro Synagogue - Est. in Newport RI 1759. (1st and oldest)
-Banished in 1638
Anne Hutchinson - Went to RI, then to New York.
10/18/10
The Middle Colonies:
New Netherlands
· 1609- explored and claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch (sailed for the diamonds and Holland- wooden shoes)
· fur traders- got along well with the Native Americans
religious toleration
· settled slowly so Dutch opened it up to other Europeans- German, French, Scandinavians (free and slaves= diversity)
· England took over colony and renamed it New York (of Duke of York)
Quakers- land given to William Penn by the king to repay debt
Penn settles Philadelphia- ‘city of brotherly love’’ the colony called Pennsylvania
1. gods “inner light” burned in everyone
2. harassed by Puritanst Anglicans
Quakers- religious group
· Dressed plainly
· Pacifists
· No formal ministers- anyone can speak
Penn gave only adult males 50 acres and the right to vote, freedom of religion, democrat assembly. Penn paid Native Americans for their land= good relationship with Native Americans
10/19/10
Compare the similarities and differences between Jamestown, Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay Colonies
Jamestown:
· came to find gold
· grew tobacco on plantations= plantation economy
·
· Got indentured servants
· Those who didn’t own land could not vote
· Sold crops of tobacco to make money
· Had a war against themselves (bacon)
Massachusetts Bay Colony/Plymouth:
· Came for religious freedom
· Had small farms, fishing, trade, lumbar and ships/shipping
· Were organized and had many supplies when they were settling
· Worked hard themselves
· All adult male members of the puritan church could vote
· Came for religious freedom but did not like views other than theirs
· Tried to force their ideals on the native Americans
· Raged a war against the native Americans (King Philips war)
Similarities:
· Conflict with Native Americans
· Both colonies, in the end, became very successful
· Both attacked the native Americans for land
· Both caused the native American populations to decrease
10/21/10
Mercantilism- when a mother country (MC) rakes colonies in order to become wealthy and sufficient
Goals
1. acquire gold and other valuable resources
2. have a favorable balance of trade (export more than you import= profit)
3. colonies exist to benefit MC
Role of Colonies
1. provide raw material
2. provide a market for finished products
3. must trade with MC
Role of MC
1. provide protection for colonies from Native Americans and foreign countries on their border
ex: Spanish in Florida
1607- Jamestown was founded
169 years, 8’ish generations- settled and thrived, colonies and populations expanded
1776- American Revolution
Salutary Neglect- the British allowed the colonies to function independently
1652- Navigation Acts
2. goods must be shipped in British to colonial ships
3. crew- ¾ English
4. certain products could only be traded with England
a. tobacco, sugar, rice, molasses, ect.
10/22/10
People who came because they were made to come
The Middle Passage- voyage across the Atlantic
10/27/10
Slavery- forced migration
1619- first slaves brought to Virginia to work on tobacco and rice plantations
Middle Passage- voyage across the Atlantic
At the beginning of the American Revolution there were 400,000 slaves which was 20% of the population- most of the South
Slavery was abolished in
· RI- 1774
· PA- 1780
· MA- 1783
· CT- 1784
10/29/10
Hierarchy of Slaves
House slaves
V
Skilled slaves
V
Field slaves (imagine being whipped)
· Lack of dignity
· Kept healthy in order to work
Effects in the South
· ¼ of the population owned slaves
· immigrants avoided south
· farmers and craftsmen in South were paid less
· no investment in commerce + industry in south
· 1830- 2 million slaves
· 1832- Virginia votes to continue slavery- it predicts the civil war
How was the North involved in slavery?
· Triangular Trade
New England Colonies
^ Sugar/ Molasses
(Rum) ^ ($) makes up for unfavorable
Africa ^ balance of trade with England
West Indies
> > slaves > >
11/1/10
The Commercial North
· Diversified economy
· Urban centers-
o Boston
o NY
o Philadelphia
· Women had few legal rights
Two movements began to change how the colonists thought:
1. The Enlightenment- 1700’s- used reason and the Scientific Method led by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton
a. It was an intellectual movement that travelled to the colonies- used by Ben Franklin who experimented to find truth and later on Thomas Jefferson who used reason to establish natural rights and question British authority.
2. The Great Awakening- sought to revive the dedication of the early Puritans to the church.
a. Large revival meetings were held outside
b. Led by Jonathon Edwards
c. Increased interest in higher education-> Princeton, Brown, Columbia, Dartmouth established to train ministers
d. George Whitefield travels to the colonies seven times from England to deliver dramatic sermons.
11/1/10
The Commercial North
Diversified Economy:
Urban Centers – Boston, NY, Philadelphia.
Women had few legal rights.
2 Movements Began To Change How the Colonies Thought:
1) The Enlightenment – 1700s – Used reason and the scientific method. Led by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton.
It was an intellectual movement that travelled to the colonies used by Ben Franklin who experimented to find truth and later on Thomas Jefferson who used reason to establish natural rights and question British authority.
2) The Great Awakening – South to revive the dedication of the early Puritans to the church, large revival meetings were held outside by Jonathan Edwards.
Increased interest in higher education → Princeton, Brown, Columbia, Dartmouth established to train ministers.
George Whitefield travels to the colonies seven times from England to deliver dramatic sermons.
11/2/10: Election Day!
How did the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening influence the colonists?
What were the Salem Witch Trials?
“What is popular is not always right and what is right is not always popular.”
-Albert Einstein
Benjamin Franklin will be using - Experimenting and Reasoning
11/3/10
How were the colonists affected by the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening?
Salem Witch Trials: 1692
-19 hanged.
-4 die in jail.
-1 crushed to death.
-150 imprisoned.
-False accusations, hysteria, innuendo→(Implying that someone is a certain way without proof).
The French and Indian War→ Misnomer (false name for something)
British and French War→ A continuation of prior European wars.
French defeated by British→ Quebec, William Pitt (British will force French out of Canada/French Canadians)
Treaty of Paris – 1763
11/4/10
The French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris- 1763
· Britain gets all land east of Mississippi River and Canada
· France keeps a few small islands in West Indies and near Newfoundland, Canada
The Native Americans are upset that the British win because the British are expanding across the Appalachian Mountains.
Proclamation of 1763- British ban all settlements West of the Appalachian Mountains- angers colonists and they ignore it
Results of the War:
1. British send troops to the colonies to keep Native Americans and French under control
a. Colonists view this as a threat to them
2. Britain is in great debt
a. Geroge Grenville= Prime Minister of Breat Britain in 1763
b. 1764- Sugar Acts- at attempt to stop smuggling
i. angers colonists
ii. “taxation without representation”
3. Colonists develop military strength and see the weaknesses in the British army
1765- Stamp act- first direct tax on colonies
· Tax on printed material
1770-
Boston Massacre (Sam Adams)
· mob- fighting over jobs Br. Sailors
· clash with British soldiers- 5 colonists die
committees of correspondence- write letters to other colonies to keep them informed
11/5/10
1773- Tea Act
· tax on tea
Result- Boston Tea Party
· Colonists dressed as native Americans and dumped the tea that was on a ship in the harbor as a protest.
· The tea had been sitting in the harbor because the colonists were boycotting it
o Boycott- refuse to buy or use a product protest
Punishment- The Intolerable Acts
· The British closed the ports of Boston
· They establish the martial law- military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.
· This rallies the colonists
1774- First Continental Congress
· 50 delegates in Philadelphia
· draw up the Declaration of Colonial Rights
· step up military preparation
11/9/10
things about the Declaration:
· He- George III
· unalienable rights that cannot be taken away
· despotism- rule by a tyrant with absolute power
o power is derived form “consent of the governed” (the people)
o people have the power to abolish any government that tries to take away unalienable rights
mercenaries- paid soldiers hired to fight for another country
11/10/10
Why is the Declaration of Independence important?
1. Presents new ideas (from the Enlightenment)
2. Stated what colonies were rebelling and made the war into a war of independence
3. Source of inspiration worldwide
4. Provided U.S. with a basic democratic philosophy which influenced the ideas in the Constitution
11/16/10
Whom did the Declaration of Independence not include?
· (1776)
1. slaves-
a. 1865= 13th amendment- abolished slavery in the US
b. 1868= 14th amendment- citizenship for former slaves
c. 1870= 15th amendment- the right to vote for former male slaves
2. Non-property owners= did not have the full rights because they did not own property
3. Woman
a. 1920= 19th amendment- woman’s suffrage
4. Native Americans- citizenship in 1924
11/17/10
Test:
13. The French and Indian war increased tension between Britain and the American colonies because:
· My answer- the British pressed the colonists to settle in Canada
· Right answer- the British insisted that the colonists share the expenses of the war
16. which statement about slavery or the effects of slavery in the south is true?
· My answer- a majority of people in the south owned slaves
· Right- little investments in commerce and industry was made in the south
24. which is not true about the cartoon join or die?
· My answer- it urged the colonists to unite during the French and Indian war
Right- it urged the colonists to unite during the revolutionary war
25. which is true about the impact of the French and Indian war on the colonies?
· Mine- the colonists resented the British keeping an army in the colonies after war ended
· That and the colonists gained valuable army experience, the British wanted the colonists to help pay for the expanses of the war
26. the triangular trade routes enable the new England colonies to make up for their unfavorable balance of trade with great Britain by
· Mine- sending rum to the west indies
· Receiving sugar, molasses and money form the west indies
28. the impact of the great awakening and the enlightenment on the colonies was
· Mine- they both believe in the using experimentation reason and logic to understand the world
· They both caused people to question traditional authority
Is the Declaration of Independence still relevant today?
11/22/10
“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”
· JFK at his inaugural speech
John Kennedy made the Peace Corp
11/29/10
{independence will be achieved by the treaty of paris}
Why is the Critical Period critical?
· Economic distress
o Different currency in every state
o Debt to foreign countries
o Debt to creditors in our country that lent money to finance the Revolutionary War
o Inflation- rapid rise in prices so that the value of money goes down
o Profiteering-
· Political disunity
Articles of Confederation- name of the first constitution
Weaknesses of Articles
1. No chief executive
2. 9/13 states to pass a bill (69%)
3. unanimous (all) vote to pass an amendment
4. taxes and army were voluntary on the part of the states
5. states maintained their own monetary system
6. each state (regardless of size or number of people) had one vote
a. bigger states will complain and say this is not fair
7. Articles could not control interstate or foreign commerce
Each stated wanted to hold on to the power it had as a colony and their sovereignty. This constitution will not last.
11/30/10
What were the successes of the Articles of the Confederation?
· Land Ordinance of 1785- set up townships of 36 sq. miles
o 1 sq. mile= 640 acres
o farm= 160 acres
orderly way of selling land
educ1787 Northwest Ordinance
How to admit new states to the U.S.
1. Few people in territory- governor, secretary, 3 judges
2. 5,000 adult free men – added a legislature
3. 60,000 adult free men – apply for statehood
slavery prohibited
freedom of religion
3-5 states created from the land south of the Great Lakes
Shays Rebellion- 1787- uprising by farmers in debt
· Mob marches toward arsenal in Springfield, MA
· 4 killed by militia
· Daniel Shays was a Revolutionary War veteran
· This rebellion leads to the Constitutional Convention on 1787 in Philadelphia
George Washington was the president of the constitutional convention (2nd important job to leading the troops during the revolutionary war).- “father of our country”
James Madison took notes- he was considered the “father of the constitution” because he took notes on everything.
Constitutional Convention- There were 55 delegates all together from all the states except from Rhode Island
12/1/10
What compromises were necessary to ratify the new Constitution?
1. The Great Compromise
a. ]bicameral legislature
Congress
o Senate- equal for each state= 2 senators
§ Will satisfy the small states
o House of Representatives- population= minimum of 1
§ Will satisfy the large states
ú As of today, there are 435 members
Representation big v. small
2. 3/5th compromise
each slave counts as 3/5th of a person for purposes of representation and taxing
100 slave= 60 people
3. Compromise on the economy
a. No tax on exports (favored by south)
b. Tax on imports (tariff)
12/2/10
What compromises were necessary to ratify the Constitution?
· Compromises over presidency
o 4 yeah term of office
o indirect way of electing the president
§ electoral college
ú 270 elec. votes to win
· Slavery- would not outlaw importing slaves for 20 years
12/3/10
| Battle | Outcome |
| New York 8/76 | · British win · New England · Washington retreats to PA |
| Trenton 12/76 | Washington leads troops to victory against the hessians in a surprise attack · Patriots win · Washington leads an attack on Christmas nights · Hessians (German mercenary soldiers) are captured |
| Saratoga late 1777 | colonists win. Turning point of the war= convinces France to send troops and supplies to the colonists and to recognize them as an independent country. Great Britain comes south from Canada and tries to isolate |
| Valley Forge | Valley Forge- Washington leads troops. Very cold and hungry. Lafayette (French) came and trained the troops bc the colonial troops were undisciplined and unorganized and von steuben (Prussian) helped train troops too. They were stuck there for the winter without food. |
| Yorktown | wife line(surrender)- October 1781- british surrender lat battle of revolutionary war general kornwalis and attacked and surrenders |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Ends the war US, Britain, and Spain sign a document that recognizes that the colonies are independent. Country borders on the Atlantic ocean all the way to the Mississippi river |
12/7/10
What is today the anniversary of?
· Pearl Harbor
Finish homework- critical thinking #1
Test Wednesday- review sheet posted
Ratifying the Constitution
· 9 states
Federalists Antifederalists
Supporters of constitution- opposed to new constitution
Madison, Washington Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry
Systems of checks and balances Predict abuse by the new strong
and division of power will prevent central government.
tyranny. Country too large to be managed by
one government. No Bill of Rights.
Serves the interests of wealthy
Federalist Papers- Madison, Alexander Hamilton, john Jay- articles in favor of the Constitution
Delaware- Dec. 1787- first state to ratify the Constitution
New Hampshire- June 1788- 9th state
New York and Virginia- biggest states, did not vote right away
· Waited until Dec 1791- Bill of Rights
12/8/10
What did Americans fear in terms of government?
· That the government would have to much power
ooh- power divided between federal state and local governments- divided vertically
Federal government- delegated or enumerated (listed) powers
o Coining money
o Declaring war
V
State governments- reserved powers
o licenses
V
Local government
12/9/10
Separation of powers- horizontal
Executive Judicial Legislative
President, VP Supreme Court Congress- Cabinet and lower courts Senate, H of Rep
Agencies
12/13/10
26th amendment- lowered voting age to 18˙
concurrent powers- shared both federal government and state governments
1. taxing
2. highways
3. voting
The Preamble to the Constitution “We the people…purposes of the Constitution”
12/16/10
List 10 characteristics of a great president.
1. Charismatic
2.
12/29/10
WEINER TAKE ALL
· If you win a state (popular vote), you get all the electoral votes of ‘em all
12/30/10
The Legislative Branch of Government
SenateCongress
Bicarmel House of Representatives
Passes laws- both Houses must pass law but majority vote
The Judicial Branch of Government
Supreme court and lover courts
· Supreme court makes decision on appeals- challenge a conviction based on grounds that are not constitutional
12/31/10
Judicial Brach
· Supreme Court
· 1 Chief Justice- John Roberts
· 8 Associate Justices
o Ruth Bader Ginsberg
o Clarence Thomas- black
o Elena Kagan
o Sotomayer
o Breyer
o Scalia
o Alito
1/4/11
what did we learn from the video that we didn’t know before?
1/17/11
I believe that nazi speech should be prohibited and they should not be allowed to march. While the first amendment does give freedom of speech, you are not allowed freedom of speech if you will cause harm to others. Even if the Nazis marched in Skokie and the Jews did stay civil, it would still cause mental harm to people.
Second amendment- right to have guns
· Reserved power- the states decision
Third amendment- doesn’t apply anymore
· No longer need to house soldiers in your house
Fourth amendment- searches and seizures
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